Australia Building codes and Compliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Australia Building codes and Compliance - Essay Example And outdoor parking designation and outdoor dining area are also included. The center of each floor of the four storey complex is equipped with an elevator system and fire-isolated stairwell. American Institute of Steel Construction. 2012. Engineering FAQs. 11.3.1. What is a fire load? Where do fire loads primarily come from in buildings? Copyright 2012American Institute of Steel Construction, All Rights Reserved. http://www.aisc.org/DynamicTaxonomyFAQs.aspx?id=1994. Accessed: 9/4/2012. - The Building code of Australia, a uniform set of technical guidelines for the safety and construction of buildings and other structures throughout Australia is adopted under the provisions of the Environmental Planning & Assessment Act & Regulation. A proposed building will comply with the BCA to the extent that it satisfies the performance requirements - this compliance can be achieved by complying with the Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions, or through the formulation of an Alternative solution that achieves compliance. Compliance can also be achieved if it can be demonstrated that the proposal is at least equivalent to the Deemed-to-Satisfy provisions, if not matching them directly. In regards to CF1, the fire safety provisions, the proposed structure is limited in height; no higher than four storeys, and would not comprise extraordinary measures by the fire brigade/fire department to access, yet it requires classification as a Type A construction, so the most effective measures should be implemented. There are no planned architectural features that would add to the fire load of the structure beyond the innate potential of items brought in by inhabitants (Such as obvious plans for accelerant containment/disposal). As defined by Part C, CP1 performance requirements of the National Construction Code. No current plans exist that would enhance the effective wood-equivalent weight of potential

Proposal on Energy Audit Essay Example for Free

Proposal on Energy Audit Essay Proposal Energy Audit: An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy, flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output(s). Energy audit identifies opportunities for financial savings by elimination of wasteful use of electricity, coal and fuel oil, without affecting the process or quality of product. Need for Energy Audit: It has been established that Energy savings of the order of 5 to 20% are possible by optimizing use of Energy with better house keeping, low cost retrofitting measures and use of Energy efficient equipment at the time of replacement, renovation or up gradation. Pakistan Electrical Energy Scenario: Electrical power is indeed the blood supply to the muscles of our industrial and informational societies. We take the ready availability of electricity for granted as a source of light, propulsion, heat and refrigeration and only seem to notice its importance if it is suddenly unavailable. Our information and telecommunications systems, our transport systems and modern medicine all depend on electricity as an energy source. The economic engine and the wheels of industry, agriculture and business need energy to move forward. On the social aspect, energy consumption per capita is a key indicator of the quality of life of the citizens and community. Unfortunately in Pakistan, in spite of all claims and rhetoric by all governments, real solutions to meet the energy equirements of the nation have never been formulated or achieved. As a consequence, Pakistan’s economic, industrial and social growth has been greatly constrained. Due to an increasing gap in energy demand versus capacity. The crisis, of course, needs long-term energy generation solutions. But it also needs immediate energy conservation. And one important way of doing this is through Energy audit HESCO Profile HESCO is a public utility company, providing electricity to the entire Sindh province, except for Karachi and parts of the Thatta district. HESCO was incorporated in 1998 under the Companies Ordinance 1984. My research leads to Energy Audit of particular Industry that comes in Hyderabad Circle of Hesco. Area of Operations of HESCO Hyderabad Circle-I (5 Divisions, 22 Sub-Divisions) Hyderabad Circle-II

birth order and its efects on personality Essay -- essays research pap

Birth order Have you ever wondered why you and your siblings never get along, or why you are so different? I wondered the same thing until I read an article about birth orders effects on personality. This had to be why she had never spent an hour away from my parents and I haven’t willingly been within thirty feet of them since I was six, Why I love to read well above my grade level and my sister, a sixth grader, reads mainly Captain Underpants books when not glued to the T.V. and why we are a similar as oil and water. Before I start explaining what birth order does I want clarify exactly what it is. When I said birth order I know at least one person, probably more thought of something similar to astrology. In some ways they are similar. They both group personalities and have a basis in science, but that’s where the similarity stops. Birth order does not predict the future. Also, while birth orders facts are almost identical anywhere you look, I have found horoscopes where the methods used are so different that one source can say today’s you lucky day while another source for that same day may say that you will be brutally murdered by a dark stranger. For those of you who are only children you often have to deal with the presumption that you are spoiled and self centered, this is shown to be true in many cases, but remember every birth order group has its share of annoying traits. On the good side only children tend to be very confident, have a good eye for detail, and are v... birth order and its efects on personality Essay -- essays research pap Birth order Have you ever wondered why you and your siblings never get along, or why you are so different? I wondered the same thing until I read an article about birth orders effects on personality. This had to be why she had never spent an hour away from my parents and I haven’t willingly been within thirty feet of them since I was six, Why I love to read well above my grade level and my sister, a sixth grader, reads mainly Captain Underpants books when not glued to the T.V. and why we are a similar as oil and water. Before I start explaining what birth order does I want clarify exactly what it is. When I said birth order I know at least one person, probably more thought of something similar to astrology. In some ways they are similar. They both group personalities and have a basis in science, but that’s where the similarity stops. Birth order does not predict the future. Also, while birth orders facts are almost identical anywhere you look, I have found horoscopes where the methods used are so different that one source can say today’s you lucky day while another source for that same day may say that you will be brutally murdered by a dark stranger. For those of you who are only children you often have to deal with the presumption that you are spoiled and self centered, this is shown to be true in many cases, but remember every birth order group has its share of annoying traits. On the good side only children tend to be very confident, have a good eye for detail, and are v...

effects of television on children :: essays research papers

THE FOLLOWING DESCRIBES THE TERMS ON WHICH EBAY OFFERS YOU ACCESS TO OUR SERVICES. Welcome to eBay Inc.'s User Agreement. This Agreement describes the terms and conditions applicable to your use of our services at http://www.ebay.com and our general principles of our International affiliates. If you have any questions, please refer to our User Agreement Frequently Asked Questions at (http://pages.ebay.com/help/basics/f-agreement.html) or our User Agreement Revision Frequently Asked Questions at (http://pages.ebay.com/help/basics/uarevision1-faq.html). We may amend this Agreement at any time by posting the amended terms on our site. Except as stated below, all amended terms shall automatically be effective 30 days after we initially post them on our site. This Agreement may not be otherwise amended except in writing signed by you and eBay Inc. This agreement is effective on March 21st, 2001 for new registering users, and is otherwise effective on May 15th, 2001 for all users registered prior to March 21st, 2001. 1. Membership Eligibility. Our services are available only to individuals who can form legally binding contracts under applicable law. Without limiting the foregoing, our services are not available to minors or to temporarily or indefinitely suspended eBay members. If you do not qualify, please do not use our services. Further, your eBay account (including feedback) and User Id may not be transferred or sold to another party. 2. Fees and Services. Joining and bidding on items at eBay is free. Our Fees and Credits Policy is available (at http://pages.ebay.com/help/sellerguide/selling-fees.html) and is incorporated by reference. We may change our Fees and Credits Policy and the fees for our services from time to time. Our changes to the policy are effective after we provide you with at least fourteen (14) days' notice of the changes by posting the changes on the announcements board. However, we may choose to temporarily change our Fees and Credits Policy and the fees for our services for promotional events (for example, free listing days) and such changes are effective when we post the temporary promotional event on the announcements board. When you list an item you have an opportunity to review and accept the fees that you will be charged for the use of our listing services. We may in our sole discretion change some or all of our services at any time. In the event we introduce a new service, the fees for that service are effect ive at the launch of the service. Unless otherwise stated, all fees are quoted in U. effects of television on children :: essays research papers THE FOLLOWING DESCRIBES THE TERMS ON WHICH EBAY OFFERS YOU ACCESS TO OUR SERVICES. Welcome to eBay Inc.'s User Agreement. This Agreement describes the terms and conditions applicable to your use of our services at http://www.ebay.com and our general principles of our International affiliates. If you have any questions, please refer to our User Agreement Frequently Asked Questions at (http://pages.ebay.com/help/basics/f-agreement.html) or our User Agreement Revision Frequently Asked Questions at (http://pages.ebay.com/help/basics/uarevision1-faq.html). We may amend this Agreement at any time by posting the amended terms on our site. Except as stated below, all amended terms shall automatically be effective 30 days after we initially post them on our site. This Agreement may not be otherwise amended except in writing signed by you and eBay Inc. This agreement is effective on March 21st, 2001 for new registering users, and is otherwise effective on May 15th, 2001 for all users registered prior to March 21st, 2001. 1. Membership Eligibility. Our services are available only to individuals who can form legally binding contracts under applicable law. Without limiting the foregoing, our services are not available to minors or to temporarily or indefinitely suspended eBay members. If you do not qualify, please do not use our services. Further, your eBay account (including feedback) and User Id may not be transferred or sold to another party. 2. Fees and Services. Joining and bidding on items at eBay is free. Our Fees and Credits Policy is available (at http://pages.ebay.com/help/sellerguide/selling-fees.html) and is incorporated by reference. We may change our Fees and Credits Policy and the fees for our services from time to time. Our changes to the policy are effective after we provide you with at least fourteen (14) days' notice of the changes by posting the changes on the announcements board. However, we may choose to temporarily change our Fees and Credits Policy and the fees for our services for promotional events (for example, free listing days) and such changes are effective when we post the temporary promotional event on the announcements board. When you list an item you have an opportunity to review and accept the fees that you will be charged for the use of our listing services. We may in our sole discretion change some or all of our services at any time. In the event we introduce a new service, the fees for that service are effect ive at the launch of the service. Unless otherwise stated, all fees are quoted in U.

More testing, More Learning Essay

All students wish to finish their college year with a good grade. There is a lot to learn in every chapter of textbooks. Even if a student spends most of his time studying, he will get very stressed when a midterm or final comes. These exams will judge how well that student is doing for the whole entire semester. Patrick O’ Malley in â€Å"More Testing, More Learning† mentions that more testing provides students better learning opportunities because more testing forces students to have good study habits. It also helps students to focus on every unit in the textbooks and encourages them to learn from their mistakes. Providing exams more often makes students have good study habits. Students need good time management in order to balance between their college lives with their study lives. According to O’Malley’s essay â€Å"Greater frequency in test taking means greater frequency in studying for tests†. Giving students more exams is a way to keep them in track and force them to focus more on class. Although students are adults and should be able to manage their own lives, they still need a teacher to coach them. If professor gives students more frequency in-class exams, it will force them to do more practice and students will learn better. Having an exam at the end of the unit helps students deeply focus on what is in the classroom. There is a lot of information in a textbook and if students have a chance to have quizzes after the major chapters, it will help them to deeply understand the materials. From Patrick O’ Malley’s proposal â€Å" This solution would have the advantage of reducing students’ anxiety about learning every fact in the textbook, and it would clarify the course goals, but it would not motivate students to study carefully each new unit, concept, or text chapter in the course†. Students who understand the concept in their textbooks will do well in class and satisfy with their college lives. Having an opportunity to review the in-class exams benefits students to focus what they have missed. From O’ Malley suggestion â€Å"It makes sense that in a challenging course containing a great deal of material, students will learn more of it and put it to better use if they have to apply or â€Å"practice† it frequently on exams†. Student should be able to see how well they are doing in class before their major exams. Practicing with more exams releases students’ anxiety. Their lives are not depending on only one or two exams. More in-class exam gives students the opportunity to study and learn from the mistakes that they did in the past tests. Being a student is not easy. A good student is the one who can maintain the student activities, work and grades. There are many ways that professors can encourage students to study. Providing students more of the exams before midterm and final is a way to help student learn. More testing helps them to focus on the contents, decrease their anxiety, keep them focused in school and also helps students learn from their own in-class exam.

buy custom Firm Agility and Business Performance essay

buy custom Firm Agility and Business Performance essay In the contemporary society that is characterized by unstable economy, firms must deal with the multifaceted circumstances, which arise quickly and impact their performance. International competition, new technologies, consolidation, outsourcing and shifting consumer preferences are merely some instances of the factors, which impact business environments, wherein modern companies are operating (Sambamurthy et al., 2003). According to Bharadwaj (2000), it is very essential to initiate abilities, which will allow companies to deal with such fast occurring and uncertain modifications. Contemporarily, business agility has attracted the attention of business leaders and scholars as a key differentiator in presently speedily modifying business environment. According to Sambamurthy et al. (2003), it is the capability of detecting innovation opportunities and seizing those competitive market chances by assembling knowledge, requisite assets, and linkages with surprise and speed. In the liter ature, firm agility has been scrutinized from different viewpoints, including business function, enterprise, system and project (Henderson and Venkatraman, 1993). Agility, as a notion, encompasses the capability of detecting, anticipating, evolving conditions, sensing market opportunities amongst other environmental modifications. Apparently, agility relates to both operational and strategic levels within a company. This paper focuses on firm agility and business performance. In particular, the paper will explain what theory is, and illuminate various variables, linked with the project and relate to issues/problems, found in international management. In addition, the paper will offer specific and operational recommendations for the managers and future research direction. Variables, Linked With Firm Agility It is true that an agile firm responds speedily to modifications for its business setting. These modifications can be competitive, regulatory, customer attitude or market driven (Henderson and Venkatraman, 1993). For instance, the introduction of a new product by a rival or a novel law in a specific state could represent a big modification in the operation of a business. In the past, firms have addressed this issue by introducing novel technology that may generate a report that indicates that customers are more concerned, regarding such modifications. Apparently, such modification in a business environment necessitates a modification in the manner, in which it does business. Certainly, most firms have admitted that they are not agile enough to be able to compete efficiently. Whilst the vast majority of the managers perceive that firm agility is an essential competitive requirement, real business willingness is nevertheless more mixed. As noted from a report of the Economist Intelligence Unit (2009), some individuals believe that most companies are at a competitive disadvantage due to the fact that they are not sufficiently flexible to forestall important shifts in the marketplace (Johnson et al., 2003). According to the head of innovation management at Fujifilm Europe, Stefan Kohn, the fear of modification is part of this predicament. He puts forth that, in some cases, some firms neglect change, whilst those that are actually flexible embrace change, even though it seems to be risky towards a subsisting product (Hitt et al., 1998). In the contemporary society that is characterized by globalization, and a free-market setting, the capacity of satisfying the expectations of consumers is essential for business performance (James, 2004). It is true that companies that are not agile may not satisfy their customers fully due to the fact that the expectations of consumers are not static. In order to be able to satisfy customers fully, firms must be able to identify their clientele, know their needs and produce products, which are desired by the consumers. This is a difficult action to carry out, but with competent employees and managers and efficient tools, companies may be able to succeed in this (Hitt et al., 1998). Another major problem, facing companies currently, is te increased competition (Bruno and Joey, 2008). Apparently, firms necessitate modification in order to adapt in the highly competitive business environment if they have to remain in the market place. For instance, in case a competitor launches novel merchandise into the market, this represents a large change in the operation of a business, and thus, companies must modify accordingly. To be competitive, firms might find themselves in a Houdini-like twist (Braganza and Korac-Kakabadse, 2000). Such firms may be incapable of responding nimbly and speedily to the modifying business setting without being caught in knots. In this case, firms must come up with ways of making their procedures more flexible (James, 2004). Certainly, the performance of a firm is determined by the degree of agility of such a firm. Companies that are not flexible enough to cope with the increased competition in the contemporary society, usually find themselve s deteriorating in terms of performance (Lee et al., 2009). Therefore, it is essential for firm managers to come up with strategies, which will assist in the same. Besides, agile modifications endeavors are stalled by internal barriers. Apparently, most people in an organization have undertaken various steps of change initiatives with an aim of improving their firms agility (Overby et al., 2006). Nevertheless, a number of them have not delivered the anticipated benefits. According to the research, enhanced business responsiveness is impended by various factors, including conflicting departmental priorities and objectives, slow decision-making, silo-based information and risk-averse cultures (Weill et al., 2001). Technology is evidenced to play a major supporting responsibility in assisting firms to become agile. According to Braganza and Korac-Kakabadse (2000), technology should work as a change agent in employment and adoption of knowledge sharing procedures in order to ensure that the use of essential data in such firms is improved. Information Technology infrastructure that is not flexible or consistent across the firm may be a major challenge in improving the agility of a company, and this is a major hindrance to agility. Firms across the globe are challenged to turn out to be more agile in the face of modification. In addition to this, the market volatility in the contemporary society has highlighted the need for firms to forestall and address pivotal issues that impact their businesses (Lee et al., 2009). Nevertheless, planning for the unforeseeable might seem to be difficult; however, most companies appear to distinguish that, firms capability to respond and be flexible is important for business performance (Menor et al., 2001). Recommendations for Managers Studies have proven that managing in the contemporary society is not an easy task (Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, 2009). According to Kohn, firms necessitate refining their organizational procedures and leveraging outside and institutional knowledge efficiently in order to compete effectively in the market place and emerge successful. Besides, he puts forth that it isnt enough to keep up with the large quantity of information in the workplace. Key information is essential for any improved performance (Menor et al., 2001). The burden will be on arming employees and decision makers with efficient instruments to find the required content. In order to meet the impulses of the market place, companies should restructure, simplify and incorporate the procedures that assist in improving their performance (Lee et al., 2009). As explained above, technology is a major factor that support and improve the agility of a company, and hence, its performance. In this case, managers should adapt processes and technologies that will enhance agility. This is based on the fact that companies with a higher level of procedures and technological standardization have been evidenced to be more agile. It is apparent that, agile firms center on standardizing the procedures that cannot be modified, freeing up their resources with an aim of developing value addeed structures, which responds efficiently to the modifying business environment. In general, managers should make sure that they adapt new technologies and together with the existing ones for their firms to become more agile and assist in improving their business performance (Lee et al., 2009). In order to overcome various internal barriers that hinder firm agility, managers should take various steps in order to curb such impediments (Overby et al., 2006). For instance, such hindrances may be prevented by improving and solidifying the core competencies of various persons in the company. This can be achieved by emphasizing on outsourcing, change management, automation amongst other procedure efficiency enhancements. In addition to this, making efficient employment of information sharing and knowledge management systems is also beneficial (Overby et al., 2006). In addition to this, managers should come up with strategies in order to be able to respond nimbly and speedily to the modifying business setting without being caught in knots. This can be attained by coming up with ways of making their procedures more flexible. It is apparent that the performance of a firm is determined by the degree of agility of such a firm (Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, 2009). Companies that are not flexible enough to cope with the increased competition in the contemporary society, usually find themselves deteriorating in terms of performance. Thus, it is essential for the firm managers to come up with strategies, which will assist in improving the flexibility of their companies that as a result will assist in improving the competitive nature of such firms. Certainly, when a firm is more competitive in the market, its performance both in terms of productivity and financially is good, and this is an indication of good business performance. In order to avoid the problems, which have disrupted most change programs, managers should sharply consider focusing on these enhancements in order to make such changes sustainable (Overby et al., 2006). Apparently, this will not only improve the business performance of a company but will also improve all the determinants of a company overall performance. Future Research Direction It is true that in the modern business environment, agility is essential to the competitive performance and innovation of companies. In fact, firm agility has been considered as one of the most vital resources for allowing better performance of a firm (Dunlop-Hinkler et al., 2011). Companies currently are greatly depending on information technologies, encompassing communication technology and knowledge process with an aim of enhancing their agility. In this case, further research can be carried out, focusing on the introduction of technology agility as a precursor to firm agility, that consequently, affect business procedures and eventually the performance of a company. Technology agility is described as the capability of a company to respond speedily to various technological modifications (Dunlop-Hinkler et al., 2011). It is true that in the contemporary society is characterized by rapid technological changes. In this case, in order to be successful and compete efficiently in the ma rket place, companies must adapt the new technologies and combine them with the existing ones. However, such firms must be agile enough in order to be able to cope with the rapidly changing technologies. Research has proven that companies, which have been able to cope with the rapidly modifying technological environment, have been able to emerge successful in the market place (Dunlop-Hinkler et al., 2011). The conceptual framework, employed in this study, will link the dynamic abilities framework with the procedure-based perception of the firm. It is true that technology agility is an essential precursor to the fundamental firm agilities, and in turn, these agilities affect both market and financial performance via intermediary business procedures. In conclusion, technology agility has a major responsibility in shaping the dynamic abilities of a firm that further improve its performance. Buy custom Firm Agility and Business Performance essay

Advance vs. Advanced

Advance vs. Advanced Advance vs. Advanced Advance vs. Advanced By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked for a post on the incorrect use of advanced in the sense of advance. Both words are used with an assortment of meanings. This post will focus on only two: advance (adjective): provided or carried out in advance; prior. advanced (adjective): far on or ahead. The adjective advance is properly used in the following expressions: advance booking advance ticket sales advance publicity advance notice advance warning The adjective advanced is properly used in the following contexts: The king, who was advanced in years, busied himself with works of charity. (The king was old.) By the mid-5th century, it had become more common for  advanced thinkers  to reject traditional explanations of the world of nature. (The thinking of these people was more like that of thinkers farther on in history than that of 5th century contemporaries.) George is taking advanced classes in English and history this year. (The classes are more challenging [i.e., farther ahead] than regular classes in those subjects.) Junior’s vocabulary is more advanced than that of other six-year-olds. (Junior knows more words than most other children his age.) Here are some typical examples of the way in which advanced is used incorrectly in place of advance: ‘Divergent’ Heats up With Advanced Ticket Sales–headline, Variety. Correct: â€Å"Advance Ticket Sales† Advanced Ticket Sales for Seth Rogen’s ‘Neighbors’ Soar –headline, Hollywood Reporter. Correct: â€Å"Advance Ticket Sales† Hardy Considering Advanced Warning Flooding System –KAIT television station. Correct: â€Å"Advance Warning Flooding System.† Note: in the story that follows the headline, the system is referred to as â€Å"an early warning flooding system.† Clapper had advanced warning of data collection question –Daily Kos Correct: â€Å"advance warning† Most reservations are then confirmed with a 50% advanced deposit. – A vacation resort. Correct: â€Å"advance deposit† Give us at least 2 months advanced notice, full refund, less a $40 administrative fee. –A vacation resort. Correct: â€Å"advance notice† If you’re not sure if the word should be advance or advanced, test the meaning by substituting prior. If prior makes sense, advance is probably the word that fits the context. On the other hand, you can just use prior. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?Homonyms, Homophones, Homographs and Heteronyms7 Proofreading Steps

An Overview of Sociopathy, Psychopathy, and Antisocial Behavior Professor Ramos Blog

An Overview of Sociopathy, Psychopathy, and Antisocial Behavior https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1HgW0zEKOhVPNEfgXXJWTuS4WoJmwe1nd5RJR35Fowwg/edit?usp=sharing

Management Theory and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management Theory and Practice - Essay Example The people of different countries do depict changes in tastes and perceptions which are required by the business concerns to effectively tap and thereby bring about changes in the production or operating system. Similarly, in order to tap the different markets in a much effective manner, the business organization must adjust its different policies regarding both price and distribution. The business concern through the changing of their price structure helps in pervading the minds of the consumers in a more prolific manner. Moreover, the business concern should fulfill the different guidelines as envisaged by the government of the country while endeavoring to promote the different goods and services to a large number of consumers. Further, the business corporations in order to internationalize their operations need to gain a large pool of people working across the globe for the company. Working across different cultures and diversities require the business organizations to act in a pr udent fashion to help satisfy the needs of both the internal and external stakeholder groups like the employees, the group of suppliers, the consumers and social groups and the government at large (Yip, Loewe and Yoshino, 1988, p.1-8).... In the light of the above discussion the paper endeavours to analyse McDonald’s sense of adaptability to its changing business environment. Factors of Changes in Business Organisations The increasing mode of globalisation has required the business corporations to synchronize its business processes to adapt itself to the changing business environments. It is observed that business organisations to successfully operate in the global climate need to customize the product or service offerings on an expanded scale. The people of different countries do depict changes in tastes and perceptions which are required by the business concerns to effectively tap and thereby bring about changes in the production or operating system. Similarly in order to tap the different markets in a much effective manner the business organisation must adjust its different policies regarding both price and distribution. The business concern through the changing of their price structure helps in pervading th e minds of the consumers in a more prolific manner. Moreover the business concern should fulfil the different guidelines as envisaged by the government of the country while endeavouring to promote the different goods and services to the large number of consumers. Further the business corporations in order to internationalise their operations need to gain a large pool of people working across the globe for the company. Working across different cultures and diversities require the business organisations to act in a prudent fashion to help satisfy the needs of both the internal and external stakeholder groups like the employees, the group of suppliers, the consumers and social groups and the government at large (Yip, Loewe and Yoshino, 1988, p.1-8). McDonald in

American Dream as Depicted in Death of a Salesman Term Paper

American Dream as Depicted in Death of a Salesman - Term Paper Example The 'American Dream,' in Willy's perspective, is the holding, enjoying and acquiring a flourishing career. Unluckily, for Willy, he delimits and restricts his goals at being a triumph in his career as a salesman. Willy charges the ostentation of the business and corporate world. This may be observed in his opinion about Bernard: "Bernard can get the best marks in school, understand, but when he gets out in the business world, understand, you're going to be five times ahead of him. That's why I thank Almighty God you're both built like agonizes. Because a man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want".Happy complains, " I mean I can outbox, outrun, and outlift anybody in that store, and I have to take orders from those common, pretty sons-of-bitches till I can't stand it anymore" (Act 1). Happy thinks that just because he is stronger than those who give him orders, he should be the one to give the orders. His father taught him that that was the way to success, and it is obviously failing for Happy. The same goes for Biff. Just because he has the dashing smile, good looks and people like him - that does not mean that he will be a success in the business world. Hard work, persistence and work ethic are what he is lacking which makes him a failure as well. Willy does not see it that way though. He is seeing both of his sons from 'the clouds.' He is looking down on them like they are the successes that he has made them out to be in his head. This, unfortunately, does not help them in life. The Loman boys are not the only ones Willy's views poisons, but also his wife Linda. The love Linda holds for Willy is persistent. She sees herself as his protector. Linda allows Willy to laps into his illusions so he can have that feeling of contentment. Willy also soon finds out that his life was not the perfect life he has conjured up in his head. Willy realizes that in fact he has lived his life in vain. It is by means of Willy's disappointment as a salesman that his inborn yearning for the outdoors is uncovered. (Bhatia, 46) Towards the climax of the play, Charley mentions, "... He was a happy man with a batch of cement ... so wonderful with his hands ... he had the wrong dreams, all wrong" (Act 2). We can assume that the play emphasizes the path not taken may have been the right one. Willy holds this assumption as the inability to see who and what he is which leads to the tragic ending. To the very end he is a firm believer in the ideology that the attractive and well spoken finish first. This is the very thing that destroys him, because he now finds out, in his own mind, he is not on top. The main reason why Willy Loman's life was always miserable is because Willy Loman accounted the society's expectations and standards of what an American Dream is to them rather then what an American Dream meant to him self. He always thought that he was better then what people thought of him. He put himself down due to his sons' failure to achieve their goals; therefore he thought

Choose any topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Choose any topic - Essay Example For two past consequetive weekends he had been held up and had not been able to travel and see his family. He missed his daughter Lynn who was turning twelve the next day . John had every reason to be home with his family. His wife at home had left work earlier and arrived at home, instructed the househelp on the chores she needed done. When Lynn’s father called to inform her of his inability to be with them over the weekend, she had been jovial taking it as an opportunity to mingle with her friends at a Friday party. She had hurriedly rushed to the shower and dressed her best. Her friend Nadia had come pick her up. She had departed telling her maid she had was going back to work to finish some pending tasks. Jane had preferred working from her office given the ample atmosphere it gave her than at her home office in which Lynn could come nugging her for little odds and ends. Had Jane known what was laying ahead for her, she would not have made such a blunder. Jane and Nadia st omped into the red saloon car and driven off to a club where Nadia had planned to introduce her to this tall handsome guy. Around 10.00 p.m., John had hastily arrived at the bus station, managed to get the last bus headed to his home town. His attempts to call Jane had been futile since she had switched off her cell phone. John mysteriously found himself on sit number thirteen. An odd number indeed. He had thought superstitiously to himself. The bus went at breakneck speed, but still John found it too slow. He knew he would reach his home town around midnight and he dreaded robbery that was frequent due to insecurity of the town. He wondered how he still felt so bad about his seat number. He could have changed the seat, but had brushed off the idea as baseless mere superstitious thoughts that would reflect awkwardly off him. John slept intermittently along the way. He had reveries of sweet dreams that alternated with nightmares. At a point he had woken up with a jolt, shaking and

Whistleblowers. The Process and Risks Assignment

Whistleblowers. The Process and Risks - Assignment Example Some of the recent examples of whistleblowers are Sherron Watkins of Enron, and Cyntha Cooper of WorldCom. They exposed or provided firsthand information on financial scandals. The case of Coleen Rowley of the FBI as a whistleblower was unique in the sense that the reporting incident was regarding lapses in the intelligence field a few weeks before September 11, 2001 terrorists attack. The Process of Whistle Blowing An employee who has some information about illegal activities of any nature pertaining to his or her organization and he or she chooses to bring that in public is known as a whistle blower. Whistle blowing is encouraged to bring honesty, equality, justice, and freedom of speech in society at large. It has many advantages such as it can protect health of consumers and employees. During 1920s, the harmful effects of asbestos in the manufacturing units were suppressed by company managment thus jeopardizing the health of employees. Employees feel more comfortable if they find it easy to raise their concerns within the organization. Risks Associated with the Whistleblower Whistleblowers carry certain risks such as alienation, face reprisals, or victimization at their workplace and likely to be more intensely supervised for their acts. They may be considered less loyal to their organization or employer for their act of blowing the whistle against the organization. Luque (2007) reports about one of the study of whistle-blowers in which 90% reported about emotional stress, anxiety and depression after their acts of whistle blowing. Around 54% of them reported harassment at their workplace and 10% were the cases of attempted suicide. Case Studies Sherron Watkins – Whistleblower of Enron The case of Sherron Watkins, the former corporate vice-president of Enron, is worth enumerating for the psychological trauma that she faced after her act of whistle blowing. In the month of August 2001, Sherron Watkins wrote a memo to the CEO of Enron that explained ho w the accounts of Enron present a distorted accounting numbers. On this, the CEO directed for an investigation through Enron's own law firm that did not do an honest job. Soon, the New York Times published a story about Enron's accounting jugglery. Thereafter, a congressional committee delved into the issue and started investigating the matter. Overnight, Watkins came into limelight and became a celebrated whistleblower that exposed Enron's accounting misreporting. This had a catastrophic effect on the company. Not only Enron was compelled to sack 4000 employees from its payroll but the very next day they filed Bankruptcy Code protection under chapter 11. Enron shares plummeted like a big log from the high of $90.75/share in August 2000 to the dismal $0.067/share recorded on Jan 13, 2002 (Luque, 2007). Watkins suffered more of a psychological pressure when she first acted as a whistle blower. She was isolated and made unnecessary for the company. Most of her partners began hating he r as because of her 4000 employees lost their jobs (Luque, 2007). Cynthia Cooper – Whistleblower of WorldCom Cynthia Cooper was working as vice president of internal audit at WorldCom. On her routine investigations, she found that certain expenses were being capitalized thus inflating the yearly earnings by several billions of dollars. More she investigated, the stranger the reactions she confronted with from some of her colleagues. She sought an explanation from the Chief Financial Officer of the company. On this, she was asked to stop the audit until the next quarter -- a date to begin her normal audit as per routine. However, she did not stop on this and organized a meeting with the company's auditor KPMG. Finally, it was found that earnings

Thinking and Decision Making Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thinking and Decision Making Paper - Essay Example As a result, the mother will use her critical thinking to decide whether the information presented to her are enough for her to get the vehicle. Logical reasoning can be applied in different work places. For example, if a company is near a given prison and the government declares that on a given public holiday, they are releasing most of the prisoners who have been serving in that prison, then the administrator of the company can decide, by means of inductive reasoning that, the company’s security need to use extreme safety measures by making regular patrols and ensuring that the alarm is on throughout the day (Starko, 2012). Close ended questions can effectively be used by teachers in school. In case of a strike, the principal may choose to prepare a list of closed ended questions in an attempt to interrogate the students on the possible causes of strike (Starko, 2012).The principal will then have a critical look at the answers the students have given. Through this, he may end up with amicable solution to the problem that caused the

Whistleblowers. The Process and Risks Assignment

Whistleblowers. The Process and Risks - Assignment Example Some of the recent examples of whistleblowers are Sherron Watkins of Enron, and Cyntha Cooper of WorldCom. They exposed or provided firsthand information on financial scandals. The case of Coleen Rowley of the FBI as a whistleblower was unique in the sense that the reporting incident was regarding lapses in the intelligence field a few weeks before September 11, 2001 terrorists attack. The Process of Whistle Blowing An employee who has some information about illegal activities of any nature pertaining to his or her organization and he or she chooses to bring that in public is known as a whistle blower. Whistle blowing is encouraged to bring honesty, equality, justice, and freedom of speech in society at large. It has many advantages such as it can protect health of consumers and employees. During 1920s, the harmful effects of asbestos in the manufacturing units were suppressed by company managment thus jeopardizing the health of employees. Employees feel more comfortable if they find it easy to raise their concerns within the organization. Risks Associated with the Whistleblower Whistleblowers carry certain risks such as alienation, face reprisals, or victimization at their workplace and likely to be more intensely supervised for their acts. They may be considered less loyal to their organization or employer for their act of blowing the whistle against the organization. Luque (2007) reports about one of the study of whistle-blowers in which 90% reported about emotional stress, anxiety and depression after their acts of whistle blowing. Around 54% of them reported harassment at their workplace and 10% were the cases of attempted suicide. Case Studies Sherron Watkins – Whistleblower of Enron The case of Sherron Watkins, the former corporate vice-president of Enron, is worth enumerating for the psychological trauma that she faced after her act of whistle blowing. In the month of August 2001, Sherron Watkins wrote a memo to the CEO of Enron that explained ho w the accounts of Enron present a distorted accounting numbers. On this, the CEO directed for an investigation through Enron's own law firm that did not do an honest job. Soon, the New York Times published a story about Enron's accounting jugglery. Thereafter, a congressional committee delved into the issue and started investigating the matter. Overnight, Watkins came into limelight and became a celebrated whistleblower that exposed Enron's accounting misreporting. This had a catastrophic effect on the company. Not only Enron was compelled to sack 4000 employees from its payroll but the very next day they filed Bankruptcy Code protection under chapter 11. Enron shares plummeted like a big log from the high of $90.75/share in August 2000 to the dismal $0.067/share recorded on Jan 13, 2002 (Luque, 2007). Watkins suffered more of a psychological pressure when she first acted as a whistle blower. She was isolated and made unnecessary for the company. Most of her partners began hating he r as because of her 4000 employees lost their jobs (Luque, 2007). Cynthia Cooper – Whistleblower of WorldCom Cynthia Cooper was working as vice president of internal audit at WorldCom. On her routine investigations, she found that certain expenses were being capitalized thus inflating the yearly earnings by several billions of dollars. More she investigated, the stranger the reactions she confronted with from some of her colleagues. She sought an explanation from the Chief Financial Officer of the company. On this, she was asked to stop the audit until the next quarter -- a date to begin her normal audit as per routine. However, she did not stop on this and organized a meeting with the company's auditor KPMG. Finally, it was found that earnings

Kidney Function and Alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kidney Function and Alcohol - Essay Example The first process, i.e. Ultrafiltration means filtration under immense pressure and takes place in the Bowman’s capsule. A hydrostatic pressure develops in the capsule because the efferent arteriole is narrower than the afferent arteriole owing to which water, glucose, amino acids, urea and salts enter the capsule from the glomerulus through podocytes (McNaught & Callander, 1975). The second process, i.e. Reabsorption helps to return useful constituents back into the blood stream. Reabsorption takes place in the convoluted tubules as well as in the Loop of Henle. Active Reabsorption takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule where entire glucose, sodium, potassium, uric acid and 75% water is reabsorbed. After this the liquid enters the Loop of Henle where further salts and water are again reabsorbed. Almost 80% of the water Reabsorption takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule and the Loop of Henle by obligatory Reabsorption. It is during Reabsorption that a counter cu rrent mechanism occurs and the urine is made hypertonic by regular exchange of sodium ions between the limbs of the Loop of Henle. Next, the urine passes into the distal convoluted tubule where the Reabsorption of water is initiated by a hormone named ADH or Vasopressin. Vasopressin or ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland and play an important role in regulating the amount of urine formed. Absence of ADH in the distal convoluted tubule decreases Reabsorption of water and hence large amounts of urine is passed whereas increased amount of ADH, increases Reabsorption of water and the quantity of urine passed is much less. The last process is called Tubular secretion which takes place in the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting tubules. Tubular secretion is the opposite mechanism of tubular Reabsorption. Here, potassium ions are secreted to maintain the pH of the blood while sodium is reabsorbed by rennin-angiotensin mechanism (Dunn & Donnelly, 2008, pp79). After thi s the urine formed is voided through the urethra via the act of micturition. The kidneys not only help in elimination of harmful substances but also play an important role in maintaining blood volume. Kidneys are able to retain water and sodium, owing to hormone vasopressin and rennin-angiotensin mechanism help in regulating the blood volume too. Alcohol consumption is detrimental for the body in more ways than just one. It affects the liver, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system and is a major cause of disease such as liver cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, cancer etc (Barclay et al, 2008). Both chronic and acute alcohol consumption is known to have adverse effects on the body especially on the excretory system because it taxes the kidneys heavily. Alcohol consumption impairs the efficiency of the kidneys and disturbs the fluid and electrolytic balance of the body. It has been observed that within half an hour of alcohol consumption, urine is excreted. The increase d loss of fluid through urine excretion leads to concentration of the electrolytes present in the blood. This is in fact the major reason that causes dehydration in people who consume alcohol. We are already aware of the fact that urine output depends largely on Anti-Diuretic hormone or Vasopressin. Vasopressin induces fluid conservation by the kidneys thereby concentrating the urine output. In the absence of this effect, the kidneys fail to conserve any fluid because of

Free

Freedom to live Essay During the ancient times before imprisonment, there were executions and executions only which were rather completed by stoning. There were consisted of several reasons as to why the capital punishment was needed. The United States inherited its use of capital punishment from the European settlers in the seventeenth century but in the eighteenth century, German philosopher Immanuel Kant appealed that execution was the â€Å"fairest punishment for murder†. He presented that it is the most suitable punishment for those who have committed murder and that a person who has done wrong should suffer for it. Arguing that killers should â€Å"die in order to gain release from their suffering†, including that the crime must fit the punishment. Arguments against the death penalty expose capital punishment for what some believe is a reasonable punishment, while others view it as revenge disguised as justice but overall, is continuously an issue that would not be equally discussed and abolished world-wide. Disagreements about the death penalty mostly turn on issues of fairness, morality and effectiveness. There consists of endless reasons as to why the death penalty is to be abolished. One of many is that executions cost more than life in prison. According to Statistic Brain, it costs nearly 2 million per person to be executed, all which consists of maximum security, counsel for defense and others. Another popular point is that the innocent may be wrongly executed. This is a high risk because evidence, DNA, and witness statements are not one hundred percent reliable. A slightly relevant case was a falsely executed man named Cameron Todd Willingham. He was executed in Texas, known to be the number one state with the highest rate of executions. He was accused of allegedly setting his house on fire that killed his three young daughters. He repeatedly claimed his innocence and the arson investigator was questioned right before Willingham’s’ execution. After his execution, an investigative report discovered the fire was an accident. Several reasons include that the death penalty punishment does not  necessarily decrease the crime rate, that life in prison also guarantees no future crimes, some religions forbid death penalty, killing is wrong even through a punishment, that it violates international human rights laws and that it promotes killing as a satisfactory solution to a difficult problem. A common factor as to why people oppose the death penalty is because of the cruelty of the act itself, such as the common contemporary methods of execution, such as by shooting, hanging, using gas, electrocution and lethal injection. According Amnesty International who are strong non-advocates of the death penalty, capital punishment is the decisive rejection of human rights. It is the â€Å"premeditated and cold-blooded killing of a human being by the state†. Half the amounts of US States have banned the death penalty for example New York, finding it unconstitutional. In Just Revenge by Mark Costanzo, he states that most Americans are supportive of the death penalty in the abstract by simply wanting the government to take care of it, â€Å"cleanly and efficiently, in a distant prison†. He questions that â€Å"is it morally acceptable to subject murderers to psychological torture before we kill them?†. While others assure it is a harsh, inhuman and undignified punishment done â€Å"in the name of justice†, including that inflicting punishment on wrongdoers discourages others from wrong doing. Some may say that the death penalty is a way to lash back at those who have harmed us, but coo peratively we must be more reasonable and humane than those who commit the act themselves. Those who favor the death penalty argue that if there were no death penalty to hold over the head of prisoners, those who have been sentenced to life without parole would be free to commit whatever crimes they chose without fear of increased punishment. Death penalty supporters often press two claims of executing murderers. The first is that it is injustice to the victims of murder if we do not execute their murders. The second claim is that the death penalty is needed to frighten potential murderers. Fear of the execution chamber will restrain potential murders, knowing they could face the executioner and that those who otherwise kill will stop and innocent lives would be saved. Another factor as to why the death penalty is justified is it giving closure to victims’ families who have suffered tremendously from the loss of their loved one. And also a prisoner can escape prison and give them another chance to kill. The death penalty is said to be needed to protect society from those who would kill again. Many of these factors which relate back to revenge. In some cases, the capital punishment is a â€Å"risk taker†. There are certain cases in which killing a criminal can lead to questioning as to whether or not the individual was guilty of the crime. The death penalty fails to effectively build up a society that is free from crime. Furthermore, it does not relieve the pain and loss of the victims or their families. States have made many proposals as to why capital punishment is wrong. As citizens, the death penalty does not alleviate the fear of violent crime or better safe-guard the people and is not imposed with fairness. Pope John Paul II made a very clear point in a statement he made about the death penalty. He stated â€Å"the death penalty does not allow the opportunity for the spiritual and human reconciliation with the victim† and also that â€Å"we cannot teach that killing is wrong by killing†. This quote is a very good example to supporting the idea of abolishing the death penalty that we cannot teach that murdering an individual is wrong by killing a criminal. Depending on the country, there are different views as to whether the death penalty should be abolished or not. The factors on both sides of the argument have led to the abolition of the death penalty in Eastern Europe. For example, Ukraine has put a pause to its punishment of the death penalty, as well as South Africa, whose parliament voted to formally abolish the death penalty, which had earlier been declared unconstitutional by the constitutional court. Their constitutional court believes that death is the most extreme form of punishment. They believe every individual has the right to life, dignity, public opinion. Not only is this an issue in the United States, but very well around the world. In India, the Indian Penal Code authorizes the imposition of the death sentence as a penalty of murder. Although it is nearly impossible for the abolishment of the death penalty to be equalized and understood by both sides of the arguments, the ideas and opinions shall never fade. With several states not having the death penalty, the real question is whether or not we need the death penalty. Capital punishment is not the core of our criminal system; its only one aspect of it. Only a small percentage of murderers are sentenced to death, and only a small percentage of that are executed. The real question is whether we insist on keeping the death penalty even though we don’t need it. WORK CITED End Capital Punishment. Abolish the Death Penalty. Amnesty International USA, 2013. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. Costanzo, Mark. Just Revenge: Costs and Consequences of the Death Penalty. New York: St. Martins, 1997. Print. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Death Penalty Statistics. Statistic Brain RSS. Statistic Brain Research Institute, 6 Aug. 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. Kronenwetter, Michael. Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001. Print.

Political Factors Affecting Education

Political Factors Affecting Education Education is the most important shared experienced in our lives it is so important and so all-pervasive that it is almost impossible to define. Education will not supply all the answers to the problems that beset us, either as individuals or as a nation, but if we set about it the right way, it is the best single means of promoting intellectual, moral, physical and economic wellbeing (Aldrich 1996 ). Education teaches us the joy of learning and gives us the qualifications for employment, which builds confidence and self esteem and gives us the skills and values to meet the demands of a fast changing worlds and society. (Estelle 2001 quoted in Chitty, C 2009). As education meet the demands of society so society is itself is a product of that knowledge or education which informs societal attitudes towards life and its problems, the value it attaches to the things of the world in general, the place of man in the universe in particular and the norm sets to which our thoughts and behavior must conform. The two contrasting regions of Peshawar and Khyber Agency in Pakistan have been selected for critical analysis and evaluation of the impact of varying social and political forces on the provision and type of education available in each area. Peshawar is a large city having a population of 2.9 million in 2005. The population is growing by 3.2 % annually and this growth rate is higher than most other Pakistani cities (Hayat 2006). Peshawars residents consist mainly of Pashtoon people with Hindkowans as the minority group. Languages such as Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Khowar, Dari, Hindko, Saraiki and Punjabi are spoken in Peshawar. Peshawar can be sub-divided into two distinct regions, namely the urban region, which accounts for 51.32 % of the population, and the rural area with holds the remaining 48.68 % of the population. The population had increased two fold in the previous two decades. (Gaffar 2005) .The area of Peshawar district extends from Warsak north to south Matani, a distance of over 30 miles, and 18 miles from Hayatabad east to Taro Jaba in the west. It is located at an altitude of 1138ft above sea level. Most of the citys dwellers are Muslims with some Hindus, Sikhs and Christians minorities. Historically Peshawar was the centre of the Indus civilization and home to many other communities like Bukharan Jews and Zoroastrians (Arbab 2000). The second area to be evaluated is that of Khyber Agency. Khyber Agency is a Federally Administered Tribal area of Pakistan. It encompasses an area ranging from Tirah valley to the Peshawar district. It borders Afghanistan to the East, Orakzai Agency to the north and Peshawar to the west. There are four main tribes the Mullagori, Shalmani, Shinwari and Afridi in Khyber Agency. According to 2007 estimates, Khyber Agency had a literacy rate of 34.2%. In world literacy rankings, Pakistan is listed as 160th of 177 countries, with an overall literacy rate of 49.9 %( Noreen 2008). The reason for selecting these Peshawar and Khyber Agency is that, whilst they are geographically close, they demonstrate clear differences in the type and standard of education they provide. These differences can, therefore, be usefully evaluated in terms of the social and political forces acting upon them. One such significant factor, is that Khyber agency has become a focal point for the war against terrorism which, this paper will argue, has been a dominant cause in the deterioration of the education system in that region. Before analyzing and evaluating the provision of education by the state, it is a matter to be taken in notice that high regard is accorded to education in Pakistan is enshrined in the constitution with education on the agreed legislative list of the central and provincial government. The 1973 constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan recognizes the importance of education and says that the state shall: Encourage unity and observance of the Islamic moral standards Endorse with special care the educational and economic interests of backward areas. Eradicate illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education. Make technical and professional education generally available and higher education accessible to all on the basis of merit. Enable the people of different areas, through education, training, agriculture and industrial development and other methods, to participate fully in all forms of national activities including employment in the services of Pakistan. Ensure full participation of women in all the spheres of national life (National education policy 2010) In many developed countries of the world the school system has been divided into the state school and private school sectors. The commentators Adonis and Pollard have recently complained that the education system in England is based on a division between state and private (so called public ) schools with prestige and resources going mainly to the later rather then to the former (Adonis, A and Pollard S 1998). Like Great Britain, education system in Pakistan is also divided into state and private school. The existing state school systems in both Peshawar and Khyber agency are almost the same as that are provided in the rest of Pakistan. In Peshawar and Khyber agency, however, the school system has a further sub-division having state schools, private schools and madrassa schools. Private schools are considered schools for the upper classes, entry to which are generally limited to students from rich families, whilst state schools are generally for lower, middle class people. Madrassa, however, are for those children from lower class family backgrounds who do not have an access to any of the above mentioned schools for a variety of reasons; a key factor being accessibility. The students of madrassa depend solely on charities provided by the general public. In Peshawar only 4.6 million students are enrolled in the Public Sector, Private Sector and Madrassa. The remaining 2.8 million children have no access to formal education (Hussein 2007). Average dropout rates up to Matriculation level are at 38% annually. There are many factors that impact on the drop out including access problems, social and cultural issues particularly among females, poverty, ignorance, lack of financial resources,(with government and families) corporal punishment and so on. More than half of the children in Peshawar drop out of school before completing the fifth grade. On average, females remain in school for 1.3 years and males for 3.8 years. (Sohrab 2007) The education system in both areas is broadly divided into three stages namely; Primary, Secondary and Higher education. The pre school stage is introduced for children less then 5 years old and is further divided into three stages, play group, Nursery and Kinder Garden. Students progress from Primary schools to Middle schools and then High school. After completing High school (SSC), successful students progress to college, and is called Higher Secondary State Education (HSSC). After Primary Education, unisex education is the communities preferred choice but co-education does exist in Private Institution in Peshawar although not in Khyber Agency. The curriculum is usually designed by the federal curriculum bureau in Islamabad with prominent educationalists setting the objectives of the curriculum. Every province has its own text book boards who implement the curriculum made by the federal curriculum bureau. The provincial text book board has limited authority but can make some change s to the curriculum, subject to the approval of federal curriculum bureau. The provincial text book board conducts and monitors exams through different exam boards. (Iqbal 2007)The curriculum designed by the federal bureau is implemented in both private and state schools in Peshawar and Khyber Agency. O level and A level education system is employed in private sector in Peshawar. In Both private and state institutions the common subjects are Urdu, English, Maths, Social Studies, Islamyat, Computer science, and other science subjects like Chemistry, Physics and Biology. In Private schools, the medium of instruction is English whilst state schools teach in Urdu. (Majeed 2007). Secondary education teaches the boy{sic} to apply the principle he is learning, and so to learn the principles by applying them, or so to use the instruments he is being made to know, as to perform or produce something, interpret literature or a science, make a picture or a book, practice a plastic or a manual a rt, convince a jury or persuade a senate, translate or annotate an author, dye wool, weave cloth, design or construct a machine, navigate a ship or command an army (Bryce 1895). Secondary education is viewed as preparing students for entry into a career and that is why, after gaining the higher secondary school certificate (HSSC), students in both areas can appear in the entry test for professional institutions like medical and engineering colleges. Those who are unsuccessful in the entry tests follow the arts path or other science subjects. Higher education takes students up to PhD level. Since 2002, the Higher Education Commission (HEC) has been empowered to carry out assessment, improvement and promotion of higher education, research and development, devise policies, guiding principles and priorities for higher education institutions and to set down conditions under which institutions, including those that are not part of the State educational system, may be opened and operated. The mandate of HEC encompasses all degree granting universities and institutions, both in public and private sectors and supports the attainment of quality education by facilitating and co-coordinating self-assessment of academic programs and their external review by national and international experts. HEC also supervises the planning, development and accreditation of public and private sector higher education institutions. Its goal is to facilitate the educational reform process (Ghani 2006). The main distinguishing features in the provision and type of education system in each area is due to differences in the implementation of educational strategies and the number and types of educational institutions available. There are plenty of schools, colleges and universities flourishing in Peshawar but not in Khyber Agency. Indeed, in Khyber Agency there are no universities or other professional colleges at all. After graduating from secondary school, the students of Khyber Agency must move to Peshawar or other parts of Pakistan, depending on their family circumstances, if they are to continue their education. Students from Khyber Agency face an additional problem when seeking admission to the institutions in Peshawar because of their tribal domicile, as the constitution of Pakistan limits, via a fixed quota, the number of Khyber Agency residents who can be admitted to State Professional colleges. Those students who do not come in the quota system have to pay for their education in private institutions. Those who can not afford these expenses are left/remain without further education. There are number of social factors that play into the poor public provision of education in Khyber Agency. These include low level of awareness among parents, low income status, lack of administration and control, less parental involvement, less opportunity to study, parents relationship with institutions and teachers, low literacy ratio, peer rejection, regarding its outcomes and impact on household well-being. The parents in Khyber Agency often lack the necessary vision to see the benefits that education can bring to the future of their children. Further difficulties such as the non-availability of transportation, communication and health, social and family priorities, influence often negatively the educational opportunities of students. Clear differences exist in the administration of education within the two regions. The expenditure of funds and the nature and scope of educational planning has affected the education system in Khyber Agency. Poor Economic conditions is another factor that lower the literacy rate of Khyber agency to below that of Peshawar region. The persistent under-investment by successive governments in Khyber Agency has left many schools, poorly resourced and lacking in physical infrastructure. Academic institutions, with few exceptions face financial problems and constraints. Mostly Public sector schools face financial constraints due to the high burden of students in crowed institutions where facilities for students are minimal. If financially possible, parents utilize the services of private institutions to help their children get better education. Alternatively, parents may employ external/private tuition or coaching to enhance their childrens competence because, as mentioned, most state schools are overcrowded with high students numbers per class which prohibits adequate student teacher interaction. In Khyber Agency, the average income of parents prevents most families from seeking to enroll their children into the higher standard and more competitive institutions or opt for external tuition and coaching. It is generally acknowledged that the education department as a whole is the most badly administered governmental sector in Pakistan in spite of the fact that educat ion plays such a vital role in the development of any country. As mentioned earlier, the national government has never allotted the necessary resources to this department, resulting in a poor literacy rate country-wide. A structured system for funding education is necessary based on local community needs and subject to audit control at regional level. In both regions, especially in Khyber Agency, current provision is characterized by poor governance and management, a traditional way of teaching, an outdated and inflexible curriculum, lack of qualified educators, inappropriate utilization of existing infrastructure, political interference in teacher selection and infrastructure development, poor supervision and control by government, gender discrimination and a poor evaluation and assessment system, that has made the existing provision of the education system incompatible with modern education system and therefore changes must be made. Khyber Agency has been totally isolated from the main stream political system. Political activities were not allowed and people could not participate in politics till 1998.the people were given the right to vote in 1998 general elections. The political party system is still very fragile in the area and controlled by the Federal government through the governor of Khyber Pashtoon khawa. Commissioner and political agent are answerable to the governor in what is a very complicated political system. There still prevails the most hated laws called FCR (frontier crime regulation) imposed by the British in colonial times. These were the draconian rules that were imposed by British government to suppress the people of Khyber Agency. Political involvement plays a vital role in the administration and governance of education. Peshawars regional government has a long established record of political interference in the administration and control of education while Khyber Agency is being weakened daily due to the insurgency and acts of terrorism, lack of accountability and nepotism. Teachers in the areas have many serious concerns. They are generally low paid, given the prevailing economic depression, and have often been driven to desperate measures to gain a modicum of their urgent demands such as improved working conditions. It is necessary to meet these demands to ensure that teachers, as the makers of the nations, can contribute to the development of students which in turn will result in the development of nation. Education is a constitutional right of every male and female. The high level of social anxiety and low literacy rate clearly indicate the need for fundamental changes in education system; such improvements would include a single medium of instruction for text books, sufficient funding and proper implementation of strategies and plans. Due to social and political pressure the government announces special reforms for the development of education sector that also applies in these two areas. At the start of the 21st Century, the Government of Pakistan took several initiatives underlining the education sector reform. Some of these reforms are National Education Policy (1998-2010); Education Sector Reforms (ESR) (2001-06), Education for All (EFA) by 2015, Ten Years Perspective Development Plan (2001-2011), Ten Years Perspective Development Plan (2001-2011), National Commission for Human Development (NCHD), Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP), Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) 2 005-10, and Education Millennium Development Goals.(National education policy 2010) Despite the above mentioned reforms which has been introduced by the government at various times, their positive impact has yet to reach many rural areas like that of Khyber Agency. As a consequence these areas have become breeding grounds for terrorism which will not only endanger Pakistan but will export terrorism to other countries of the world and thus endangering the whole world. The following recommendations, if properly implemented could improve the currant education system in both regions but particularly in Khyber agency. The existing system of education needs to be thoroughly scrutinized and audited to ensure transparency in order to address poor governance and management issues. A specialized Management Centre in Elementary and Secondary Education Department to provide accountability and proper training without nepotism and bias should be introduced. There is a need to empowering school heads to ensure they are free from political interference and control. A separate commission in the style of the public service commission could make appointments and standardize all grades. Maximum administrative and financial autonomy needs to be devolved down to school level with accountability of the school heads to community level. This make the monitoring and evaluation process more efficient and effective and new technology could be devised for the process. A revolutionary emphasis on education, social and economic development is critical in order to lay the foundations for educational development and poverty reduction in both of these areas. Without social and economic development, change cannot occur, as change never occurs in a vacuum. Private partnerships are critical for capitalizing upon social and other stakeholder such as NGOs, voluntary organizations, general public and private sectors. All stakeholders could be subject to regulatory mechanisms to ensure effective education development in both Peshawar and Khyber Agency. In both the regions rigid and hard line behavior has breed a biased and inflexible system allowing no space for students analytical thinking. This also prevents the development of life long skills that prepare students to face challenges in their daily life by exercising problem solving skills. In order to address these drawbacks the design of the curriculum should be based upon native, behavioral, unbiased and scientific research so that concepts taught should be made vertically and horizontally clear and should incorporate local, regional and global values of democracy, secularism, federalism, broadmindedness and non-violence. Finally to improve the education system in these areas education could be alignment with market demands, a uniform medium of instruction, the strengthening of the science facilities, Knowledge Park, Science and Technology Park should be established in both regions to impart standards through robust control and administrative techniques. All these efforts will help to improve the standard of education by replacing traditional modes of instruction with the use of technologies and productive work and problem solving skills will take the place of routine types of activities which will in turn help develop a knowledge based economy that responds to the needs of the people in a sustainable manner.

Selling Your Used Car Essay -- essays research papers fc

Process Essay Thesis: The majority of the American population has very little, or no understanding of the used car trade. A simple understanding on when and where to sell, how to get your car ready, writing a classified ad, negotiating, and making a contract.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With consumer demand rising and supply constrained by several factors, including the tendency of new-car owners to hang on to them longer, prices for used vehicles have been climbing steadily. According to one recent study, nearly three times as many shoppers now want to buy a used, rather than a new, vehicle. (Dalglish)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In trying to find the perfect buyer, your options include: new-car dealers, used-car dealers, and friends and strangers. New-car dealers are generally eager and ready to buy. They are incredibly picky about every aspect of a car’s condition. New-car dealers will be choosy about the make and model, preferring newer models in relatively good condition.(Makower) They will pay a relatively low price for the car. Used-car dealers are also eager to buy and incredibly picky about every aspect of a car’s condition. But they aren’t very choosy about the cars they buy. However, they will pay a rock-bottom price for the car. Friends and strangers are usually eager and ready to buy. They will be much less picky, and rely more on your word for information. They will be choosy about the car, but will already be interested in the car through your ad. You will get the best price, through negotiations, but you have to work harder. The best time to sell is in t he springtime when the weather turns nice. Other good times are in September when kids are going off to college; and in the dead of winter, when there is no competition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is possible to turn the average used-car into a saleable commodity in just a few hours. You should dress up your car, regardless of the condition you normally keep it in. You want to make it clean, neat, and even smelling nice. You must do this to the entire car, inside and out, from one end to the other. Most car buyers understand that appearance is a good indicator of how well someone treated the car overall. Nine important steps to take are: washing and waxing, painting and touching up, cleaning your tires, a thorough cleaning of the interior, gather all the important documents, steam... ...importantly, make copies of everything you sign. The bill of sale is the basic car-buying document that records the transaction. The following should be included: the date of the sale, year and make and model of the car, state registration, VIN number, odometer reading, amount sale is for, extra conditions, and the buyer’s and seller’s names and addresses and phone numbers. Make sure that each party gets a copy of the bill of sale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A large percentage of the population uses the automobile regularly. The majority of the population, over 90%, has little or no understanding of the car buying art. (Robertson) Many people feel that selling their car themselves can be a real hassle. But, if you can realize that you will get several hundred dollars more than what a dealer might offer you, it just may be worth a little effort and time on your part. Works Cited Dalglish, Brenda. â€Å"Better Than New: used-car prices jump as consumer demand grows.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maclean’s 10 Jul. 1995: 22-24 Makower, Joel. How to Sell a Used Car. New York: Perigee Books, 1988. Robertson, C.B. How to Deal on an Automobile. Lyons: Blue Mountain Publisher, 1988.

The Use of Capital Punishment in America Essay examples -- Capital Pun

The Use of Capital Punishment in America The use of capital punishment in the U.S. is a growing concern for most American citizens. According to statistics, seventy percent of Americans are in support of the death penalty, while only thirty percent are against it. These statistics show that few people are against capital punishment (â€Å"Fact† 1). With the use of the death penalty growing the controversy is becoming more heated. With only twelve states left not enforcing it the resistance is becoming futile (â€Å"Fact† 4). Many debates have been made and even clauses have been invoked, such as, the â€Å"Cruel and Unusual Clause† that was invoked by the Supreme Court in 1962 (Meltsner 179). The use of death as a punishment has been viewed as â€Å"cruel and unusual,† but in further research the view of what is considered â€Å"cruel and unusual† has been reduced drastically (Berns 31). America’s method of punishments has been reduced from several extremely painful execution method s, to four quick and less painful punishments. They consist of line of execution, gas chamber, electric chair, and the most popular lethal injection (â€Å"Ways† 1-4). The debate about the death penalty consists in both ethical and religious viewpoints. The death penalty should be legalized in all fifty states, to deter from crime, keep repeat offenders off the streets, and alleviate prison costs from the taxpayers. On the other hand, there have been some men and women that have been wrongfully accused and executed for murder. Since the 1900’s at least 416 people have been wrongfully executed causing great concern for the accuracy of the death penalty (â€Å"Death† 4). According to an examination of the â€Å"Death Penalty and Legislature,† Henry Schwarzchild calculated that if the courts were to â€Å"carry out the death penalty for every murder, then we would be executing 400 persons per week (Bedau 366). At the same time this small number of mistakes is nothing compared to the problems society would face without the death penalty. The concern of the death penalty not only pertains to social problems, but also to biblical aspects as well. Walter Berns states many passages from the Bible that support the death penalty, but after careful research he determines that the passages can be interpreted in many different ways. To read this passage from Genesis someone might think that the death penalty is suppo... ...sy and debate that could continue in years to come. Works Cited 1. Bedau, Hugo. The Death Penalty in America Third ed. New York: Oxford University P, 1982. 2. Berns, Walter. â€Å"Crime and the Morality of the Death Penalty.† For Capital Punishment. New York: Basic Books P, 1974. 3. Carelli, Richard. â€Å"Court refuses to outlaw Florida electric chair.† Washington 19 Jan. 1999. http.//web.lexus-nexus.com/universal (20 Jan. 1999). 4. â€Å"Death Penalty Facts.† 7 June 1995. http://susers.aol.com/mcluf/deathf.htm (20 Jan. 1999). 5. â€Å"Death Penalty Fact Sheet.† http://www.ohio.net/~mhs/civics/capp/-factsheet.htm (20 Jan. 1999). 6. Kieter, Richard. â€Å"On the Front Line: Law enforcement views on the Death Penalty.† Feb. 1995. http://www.essential.org/dpic/dpic.r03.html (5 Feb. 1999). 7. â€Å"Nine Lives: Myths and Facts about the Death Penalty.† http://www.ninelive.org/myths. htm (20 Jan. 1999). 8. Meltsner, Michael. â€Å"The Supreme Court and Capital Punishment.† Cruel and Unusaul. New York: Random House P, 1973. 9. â€Å"Ways to be Executed by the Death Penalty. http://www.ohio.net/~mhs/civics/capps/ execution.htm (20 Jan. 1999).

Activity and Exercise

Chapter 38: Activity and Exercise! Test Bank! ! MULTIPLE CHOICE! ! 1.! The coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous system maintain balance, posture, and body alignment. Body alignment refers to! ! a.! A low center of gravity balanced over a wide base of support.! b.! The result of weight, center of gravity, and balance.! c.! The relationship of one body part to another.! d.! The force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement.! ! !! ANS: C! Body alignment refers to the relationship of one body part to another body part along a horizontal or vertical line.Body balance occurs when a relatively low center of gravity is balanced over a wide, stable base of support. Coordinated body movement is a result of weight, center of gravity, and balance. Friction is a force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement.! !! DIF: Remember! REF:! 746-747! ! OBJ:! Describe the role of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems in the regulation of movement.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Te aching/Learning! ! ! ! 2.! A structural curvature of the spine associated with vertebral rotation is known as! a.! Scoliosis.! b.! Osteogenesis.! c.! Osteomalacia.! .! Arthritis.! ! !! ANS: A! Scoliosis is a structural curvature of the spine associated with vertebral rotation. Osteogenesis imperfecta is an inherited disorder that makes bones porous, short, bowed, and deformed. Osteomalacia is an uncommon metabolic disease characterized by inadequate and delayed mineralization, resulting in compact and spongy bone. Arthritis is an inflammatory joint disease characterized by inflammation or destruction of the synovial membrane and articular cartilage, and by systemic signs of inflammation.! !! DIF: Remember! REF:! 749! ! OBJ:!Discuss physiological and pathological influences on body alignment and joint mobility.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! a.! 3.! Unlike arthritis, joint degeneration! Occurs only from noninflammatory disease.! b.! Occurs only from inflammatory di sease.! c.! Involves overgrowth of bone at the articular ends.! d.! Affects mostly non–weight-bearing joints! ! !! ANS: C! Joint degeneration, which can occur with inflammatory and noninflammatory disease, is marked by changes in articular cartilage combined with overgrowth of bone at the articular ends. Degenerative changes commonly affect weight-bearing joints.! ! DIF: Understand! REF:! 749! ! OBJ:! Discuss physiological and pathological influences on body alignment and joint mobility.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! The nurse is providing care to a patient who is bedridden. To prevent fatigue, the nurse raises the height of the bed. The nurse understands that balance is maintained by raising the bed to! ! 4.! a.! Prevent a shift in the nurse’s base of support.! b.! Narrow the base of support.! c.! Allow the nurse to bring his or her feet close together.! d.! Shift the center of gravity further away from the base of support.! ! !! ANS:A! Raising the h eight of the bed when performing a procedure prevents bending too far at the waist and causing a shift in the base of support. Balance is maintained by maintaining proper body alignment and posture through two simple techniques. First, widen the base of support by separating the feet to a comfortable distance. Second, increase balance by bringing the center of gravity closer to the base of support.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 747! ! OBJ:! Discuss physiological and pathological influences on body alignment and joint mobility.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! 5.!Approximately what percentage of all back pain is associated with manual lifting tasks?! a.! 10%! b.! 25%! c.! 50%! d.! 75%! ! !! ANS: C! Half of all back pain is associated with manual lifting tasks.! !! DIF: Remember! REF:! 758! ! OBJ:! Describe how to maintain and use proper body mechanics.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! ! The nurse is preparing to position an immobile patient. Before doin g so, the nurse must understand that! ! 6.! a.! Manual lifting is the easier method and should be tried first.! b.! Following body mechanics principles alone will prevent back injury.! c.!Body mechanics can be ignored when patient handling equipment is used.! d.! Body mechanics alone are not sufficient to prevent injuries.! ! !! ANS: D! Body mechanics alone are not sufficient to prevent musculoskeletal injuries when positioning or transferring patients. The use of patient-handling equipment in combination with proper body mechanics is more effective than either one in isolation. Body mechanics cannot be ignored even when patient handling equipment is being used. Manual lifting is the last resort, and it is only used when it does not involve lifting most or all of the patient’s weight.! !! DIF: Understand!REF:! 758! ! OBJ:! Describe how to maintain and use proper body mechanics.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! ! ! 7.! The nurse is preparing to reposition a pa tient. Before doing so, the nurse must! a.! Assess the weight to be lifted and the assistance needed.! b.! Attempt to manually lift the patient alone before asking for assistance.! c.! Attempt a manual lift only when lifting most or all of the patient’s weight.! d.! Not use the agency lift team if a mechanical lift is available.! ! !! ANS: A! Before lifting, assess the weight to be lifted and determine the assistance needed and the resources available.Manual lifting is the last resort, and it is used when the task at hand does not involve lifting most or all of the patient’s weight. Use safe patient handling equipment in conjunction with agency lift teams to reduce the risk of injury to the patient and members of the health care team.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 758! ! OBJ:! Describe how to maintain and use proper body mechanics.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! ! Isotonic, isometric, and resistive isometric are three categories of exercise. They are cl assified according to the type of muscle contraction involved.Of the following exercises, which are considered isotonic?! ! 8.! a.! Bicycling, swimming, walking, jogging, dancing! b.! Tightening or tensing of muscles without moving body parts! c.! Push-ups, hip lifting, pushing feet against a footboard on the bed! d.! Quadriceps set exercises and contraction of the gluteal muscles! ! !! ANS: A! Examples of isotonic exercises are walking, swimming, dance aerobics, jogging, bicycling, and moving arms and legs with light resistance. Isometric exercises involve tightening or tensing of muscles without moving body parts. Examples include quadriceps set exercises and contraction of the gluteal muscles.Examples of resistive isometric exercises are push-ups and hip lifting, as well as placing a footboard on the foot of the bed for patients to push against with their feet.! !! DIF: Remember! REF:! 747! ! OBJ:! Describe how exercise and activity benefit physiological and psychological functio ning.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! 9.! In planning a physical activity program for a patient, the nurse must understand that! ! a.! Isotonic exercises cause contraction without changing muscle length.! b.! The best program includes a combination of exercises.! c.!Isometric contraction involves the movement of body parts.! d.! Resistive isometric exercises can lead to bone wasting.! ! !! ANS: B! The best program of physical activity includes a combination of exercises that produce different physiological and psychological benefits. Isotonic exercises cause muscle contractions and changes in muscle length. Isometric exercises involve tightening or tensing of muscles without moving body parts. Resistive isometric exercises help promote muscle strength and provide sufficient stress against bone to promote osteoblastic activity.! !! DIF: Understand!REF:! 747! ! OBJ:! Describe how exercise and activity benefit physiological and psychological functioning.! TOP:! Assessme nt! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! An active lifestyle is important for maintaining and promoting health. In developing an exercise program, the nurse understands that! ! 10.! a.! Physical exercise is contraindicated for patients with chronic illnesses.! b.! Regular physical activity is beneficial only for the body part that is exercised.! c.! Physical exercise has no effect on psychological well-being.! d.! Physical activity enhances functioning of all body systems.! !! ANS: D! Regular physical activity and exercise enhance the functioning of all body systems, including cardiopulmonary functioning, musculoskeletal fitness, weight control and maintenance, and psychological well-being. It is also essential in treatment for chronic illness.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 747! ! OBJ:! Describe the benefits of implementing an exercise program for the purpose of health promotion.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! 11.! The nurse is developing an exercise program for elderly patien ts living in a nursing home.To develop a beneficial health promotion program, the nurse needs to understand that when dealing with the elderly! ! a.! Exercise is of very little benefit because the patients are old.! b.! It is important to disregard their current interests in favor of exercise.! c.! No physical benefit can be gained without a formal exercise program.! d.! Adjustments to exercise programs may have to be made to prevent problems.! ! !! ANS: D! Exercise is extremely beneficial for older adults, but adjustments to an exercise program may have to be made for those of advanced age to prevent problems.When developing an exercise program for any older adult, consider not only the person’s current activity level, range of motion, muscle strength and tone, and response to physical activity, but also the person’s interests, capacities, and limitations. Older adults who are unable to participate in a formal exercise program are able to achieve the benefits of impro ved joint mobility and enhanced circulation by simply stretching and exaggerating movements during performance of routine activities of daily living.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 759! ! OBJ:! Describe the benefits of implementing an exercise program for the purpose of health promotion.!TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! The nurse is attempting to start an exercise program in a local community as a health promotion project. In explaining the purpose of the project, the nurse explains to community leaders that! ! 12.! a.! A sedentary lifestyle contributes to the development of health-related problems.! b.! The recommended frequency of workouts should be twice a day.! c.! An exercise prescription should incorporate aerobic exercise only.! d.! The purpose of weight training is to bulk up muscles.! ! !! ANS: A! A sedentary lifestyle contributes to the development of health-related problems.A holistic approach is taken to develop overall fitness and includes warm-ups, aerobic ex ercise, resistance training, weight training, and so forth. The recommended frequency of aerobic exercise is 3 to 5 times per week or every other day for approximately 30 minutes. Crosstraining is recommended for the patient who prefers to exercise every day. Some patients use weight training to bulk up their muscles. However, the purposes of weight training from a health perspective are to develop tone and strength and to simulate and maintain healthy bone.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 796-797! ! OBJ:!Describe the benefits of implementing exercise and activity.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! The patient is eager to begin his exercise program with a 2-mile jog. The nurse instructs the patient to warm up with stretching exercises. The patient states that he is ready and does not want to waste time with a â€Å"warm-up. † The nurse explains that the warm-up! ! 13.! a.! Allows the body to readjust gradually to baseline functioning.! b.! Prepares the body and dec reases the potential for injury.! c.! Should not involve stretching exercises because they can lead to injury.! d.!Should be performed with high intensity to prepare for the coming challenge.! ! !! ANS: B! The warm-up activity prepares the body for activity and decreases the potential for injury. It usually lasts about 5 to 10 minutes and may include stretching, calisthenics, and/or aerobic activity performed at a lower intensity. The cool-down period allows the body to readjust gradually to baseline functioning and provides an opportunity to combine movement such as stretching with relaxation-enhancing mind-body awareness.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 757! ! OBJ:! Describe the benefits of implementing exercise and activity.!TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! Many patients find it difficult to incorporate an exercise program into their daily lives because of time constraints. For these patients, it is beneficial to reinforce that many ADLs are used to accumulate the reco mmended 30 minutes or more per day of moderate-intensity physical activity. When instructing these patients, the nurse explains that! ! 14.! a.! Housework is not considered an aerobic exercise.! b.! To strengthen back muscles, the patient should bend using back muscles.! c.! Daily chores should begin with gentle stretches.! d.!The patient should stick to one chore until it is done before beginning a new one.! ! !! ANS: C! Daily chores should begin with gentle stretches. Housework is considered aerobic exercise. To make it more aerobic, work faster and scrub harder. Bend your legs rather than your back to prevent back injury. Alternate cleaning activities to prevent overworking the same muscle groups.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 757! ! OBJ:! Describe important factors to consider when planning an exercise program for patients across the life span and for those with specific chronic illnesses.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! 15.!The nurse is developing an exercise plan for someone diagnosed with congestive heart failure and exercise intolerance. In doing so, the nurse should! ! a.! Plan for 20 minutes of continuous aerobic activity and increase as tolerated.! b.! Perform 6-minute walks at the patient’s pace at least 2 times a day.! c.! Instruct the patient that he should not take his beta blocker medication on exercise days.! d.! Encourage a high-calorie diet to plan for extra calorie expenditure.! ! !! ANS: B! For the diagnosis of exercise intolerance, the patient should begin by performing 6minute walks at his own pace at least twice a day.The patient would not be able to tolerate 20 minutes of continuous aerobic activity. Patients should be instructed to take medications as ordered. Low-calorie, low-sodium, and high-protein diets are best for this type of patient.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 755! ! OBJ:! Describe important factors to consider when planning an exercise program for patients across the life span and for those with specific chroni c illnesses.! TOP:! Implementation! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! Which of the following exercise activities would most likely provide the opportunity for mind-body awareness?! 16.! a.! Warm-up activity! b.! Resistance training! c.! Aerobic exercise! d.! Cool-down activity! ! !! ANS: D! The cool-down period allows the body to readjust gradually to baseline functioning and provides an opportunity to combine movement such as stretching with relaxationenhancing mind-body awareness. The warm-up activity prepares the body and decreases the potential for injury. Aerobic exercise includes running, bicycling, jumping rope, and so forth, and is the main portion of exercise activity; it precedes the cool-down period.Resistance training increases muscle strength and endurance and is associated with improved performance of daily activities but not with enhancing mind-body awareness.! !! DIF: Analyze! REF:! 757! ! OBJ:! Describe important factors to consider when planning an exercise program for patients across the life span and for those with specific chronic illnesses.! TOP:! Evaluation! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! The patient is brought to the emergency department with possible injury to his shoulder. To help determine the degree of injury, the nurse should evaluate! ! 17.! a.!The patient’s gait.! b.! The patient’s range of motion.! c.! Fine motor coordination.! d.! Activity tolerance.! ! !! ANS: B! Assessing range of motion is one assessment technique used to determine the degree of damage or injury to a joint. Gait is the manner or style of walking. It may have little bearing on the shoulder damage. Assessing fine motor coordination would be beneficial in helping to assess the patient’s ability to perform tasks but would not help in evaluating the shoulder. Activity tolerance refers to the type and amount of exercise or activity a person is able to perform.Damage to the shoulder would affect this, but this would not have a direct bearing on the am ount of damage done to the shoulder.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 752-753! ! OBJ:! Assess patients for impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! The nurse is examining a patient who is admitted to the emergency department with severe elbow pain. Of the following situations, which would cause the nurse to suspect a ligament tear or joint fracture?! ! 18.! a.! Range of motion of the elbow is limited.! b.! Joint motion is greater than normal.! c.!The patient has arthritis.! d.! The elbow cannot be moved (frozen).! ! !! ANS: B! Increased mobility (beyond normal) of a joint may indicate connective tissue disorders, ligament tears, or possible joint fractures. Limited range of motion often indicates inflammation such as arthritis, fluid in the joint, altered nerve supply, or contractures (frozen joints).! !! DIF: Analyze! REF:! 752-753! ! OBJ:! Assess patients for impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Evaluation! MSC:! Teachin g/Learning! ! ! ! The patient has been bedridden for several months owing to severe congestive heart disease.In determining a plan of care for this patient that will address his activity level, the nurse formulates which of the following nursing diagnoses?! ! 19.! a.! Fatigue related to poor physical condition! b.! Impaired gas exchange related to decreased cardiac output! c.! Decreased cardiac output related to decreased myocardial contractility! d.! Activity intolerance related to physical deconditioning! ! !! ANS: D! When activity and exercise are problems for a patient, nursing diagnoses often focus on the individual’s ability to move. The diagnostic label directs nursing interventions.In this case, physical deconditioning must be addressed relative to activity level, perhaps leading to 6-minute walks twice a day. Physical deconditioning is the cause of fatigue as well, so it would take priority over that diagnosis. Decreased cardiac output and myocardial contractility ar e serious concerns that must be addressed before activity intolerance to keep the patient safe and to help determine the level of exercise that the patient can tolerate, but reconditioning of the patient’s body will help improve contractility and cardiac output.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 753| 755! ! OBJ:!Formulate nursing diagnoses for patients experiencing problems with impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! The patient weighs 450 lbs (204. 5 kg) and complains of shortness of breath with any exertion. His health care provider has recommended that he begin an exercise program. He states that he can hardly get out of bed and just cannot do anything around the house. To focus on the cause of the patient’s complaints, the nurse devises which of the following nursing diagnoses?! ! 20.! a.! Activity intolerance related to excessive weight! .! Activity intolerance related to bed rest! c.! Impaired gas exchange related to sh ortness of breath! d.! Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements! ! !! ANS: A! The diagnostic label directs nursing interventions. This requires the correct selection of related factors. For example, Activity intolerance related to excess weight gain requires very different interventions than if the related factor is prolonged bed rest. In this case, the intolerance is related to the patient’s excessive weight. He is not on bed rest, although he claims that it is difficult for him to get out of bed.Shortness of breath is a symptom, not a cause, of Impaired gas exchange, making this nursing diagnosis ineffective. The patient certainly has an imbalance of nutrition, but it is more than body requirements.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 753! ! OBJ:! Formulate nursing diagnoses for patients experiencing problems with impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! The patient is being admitted for elective knee surgery. While the nurse is admitting the patient, she will! ! 21.! a.! Begin to develop a discharge plan.! b.!Plan to wait until after the surgery to plan for discharge.! c.! Place a generalized discharge plan in the record for later use.! d.! Address immediate needs of the patient only and address other needs later.! ! !! ANS: A! The nurse needs to begin discharge planning when the patient enters the health care system. The nurse cannot wait until after surgery to begin to plan for discharge. In addition, the discharge plan is always individualized to the patient and directed at meeting the actual and/or potential needs of the patient.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 754! ! OBJ:!Write a nursing care plan for a patient with impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! The patient is admitted with a stroke. The outcome of this disorder is uncertain, but the patient is unable to move his right arm and leg. The nurse understands that! ! 22.! a.! Active range of motio n is the only thing that will prevent contractures from forming.! b.! Passive range of motion must be instituted to help prevent contracture formation.! c.! Range-of-motion exercises should be started 2 days after the patient is stable.! d.!Range-of-motion exercises should be done on major joints only.! ! !! ANS: B! When patients cannot participate in active range of motion, the nurse must institute passive range of motion to maintain joint mobility and prevent contractures. Passive range of motion can be substituted for active when needed. For the patient who does not have voluntary motor control, passive range-of-motion exercises are the exercises of choice. Unless contraindicated, the nursing care plan includes exercising each joint (not just major joints) through as nearly a full range of motion as possible.Initiate passive range-of-motion exercises as soon as the patient loses the ability to move the extremity or joint.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 759! ! OBJ:! Describe intervent ions for maintaining activity tolerance and mobility.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! The patient has been in bed for several days and needs to be ambulated. Before ambulation, the nurse! ! 23.! a.! Removes the gait belt to allow for unrestricted movement.! b.! Has the patient get up from bed before he has a chance to get dizzy.! c.! Has the patient look down to watch his feet to prevent tripping.! d.!Dangles the patient on the side of the bed.! ! !! ANS: D! Some patients experience orthostatic hypotension—a drop in blood pressure that occurs when the patient changes from a horizontal to a vertical position. Assist the patient to a position of sitting at the side of the bed, and dangle for 1 to 2 minutes before standing. The nurse needs to provide support at the waist so that the patient’s center of gravity remains midline. This is achieved with the use of a gait belt. A gait belt encircles the patient’s waist and may have handles attached for th e nurse to hold while the patient ambulates.The patient should maintain as normal a walking posture as possible with the head erect.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 759! ! OBJ:! Describe interventions for maintaining activity tolerance and mobility.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! 24.! The nurse is ambulating a patient in the hall when she notices that he is beginning to fall. The nurse should! ! a.! Grab the patient and hold him tight to prevent the fall.! b.! Gently lower the patient to the floor.! c.! Jump back and let the patient fall naturally.! d.! Push the patient against the wall and guide him to the floor.! !! ANS: B! If the patient has a fainting episode or begins to fall, assume a wide base of support with one foot in front of the other, thus supporting the patient’s body weight. Then extend one leg and let the patient slide against the leg, and gently lower the patient to the floor, protecting the patient’s head. Grabbing the patient will shift t he nurse’s center of gravity and may lead to a back injury. Allowing the patient to fall could lead to head injury for the patient. Pushing the patient against the wall could also cause the patient to hit his head and cause injury.! !! DIF:Apply! REF:! 759! ! OBJ:! Describe interventions for maintaining activity tolerance and mobility.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! a.! 25.! In assisting the patient to exercise, the nurse should! Expect that pain will occur with exercise of unused muscle groups.! b.! Set the pace for the exercise class.! c.! Force muscles or joints to go just beyond resistance.! d.! Stop the exercise if pain is experienced.! ! !! ANS: D! Assess for pain, shortness of breath, or a change in vital signs. If present, stop exercise. Let each patient exercise at his or her own pace.Assess for joint limitations, and do not force a muscle or a joint during exercise.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 759! ! OBJ:! Describe interventions for maintaining act ivity tolerance and mobility.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! The nurse is developing a plan of care for a patient diagnosed with activity intolerance. Of the following strategies, which has the best chance of maintaining patient compliance?! ! 26.! a.! Performing 20 minutes of aerobic exercise daily with 10 minute warm-up and cool-down periods! b.! Instructing the patient to use an exercise log to record day, time, duration, and responses to exercise activity! .! Instructing the patient on the evils of not exercising, and getting her to take responsibility for her current health status! d.! Arranging for the patient to join a gym that she will have to pay, for so that she does not need to depend on insurance! ! !! ANS: B! Keeping a log may increase adherence to an exercise prescription. Cross-training (combination of exercise activities) provides variety to combat boredom and increases the potential for total body conditioning as opposed to daily aerobic exerci se. â€Å"Blaming† a patient for his or her health status is usually counterproductive.Instead, the nurse should instruct the patient about the physiological benefits of a regular exercise program. Developing a plan of exercise that the patient may perform at home may improve compliance.! !! DIF: Evaluate! REF:! 756! ! OBJ:! Evaluate the nursing care plan for maintaining activity and exercise for patients across the life span and with specific chronic illnesses.! TOP:! Evaluation! MSC:! Teaching/ Learning! ! 27.! The nurse is working with the patient in developing an exercise plan. The patient tells the nurse that she just will not participate in a formal exercise program.The nurse then suggests that exercise activities can be incorporated into activities of daily living. The patient seems to be agreeable to that concept. Of the following activities, which would be considered a moderate-intensity activity?! ! a.! Doing laundry! b.! Making the bed! c.! Ironing! d.! Folding clo thes! ! !! ANS: D! Low-intensity ADLs include doing the laundry, making the bed, ironing, and washing dishes. Moderate-intensity ADLs include sweeping the kitchen or sidewalk, washing windows, folding clothes, and vacuuming.! !! DIF: Evaluate! REF:! 757! ! OBJ:!Evaluate the nursing care plan for maintaining activity and exercise for patients across the life span and with specific chronic illnesses.! TOP:! Evaluation! MSC:! Teaching/ Learning! ! MULTIPLE RESPONSE! ! Bones perform five functions in the body: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis. In the discussion of body mechanics, which are the most important? (Select all that apply. )! ! 1.! a.! Support! b.! Protection! c.! Movement! d.! Mineral storage! e.! Hematopoiesis! ! !! ANS: A, C! Bones perform five functions in the body: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis.In the discussion of body mechanics, two of these functions —support and movement—are most import ant. In support, bones serve as the framework and contribute to the shape, alignment, and positioning of body parts. In movement, bones together with their joints constitute levers for muscle attachment. As muscles contract and shorten, they pull on bones, producing joint movement. Protection involves encasing the soft tissue organs in a protective cage. Mineral storage helps to strengthen bones but also helps regulate blood levels of certain nutrients. Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells.! !! DIF: Remember!REF:! 747! ! OBJ:! Describe the role of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems in the regulation of movement.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! When assessing the activity tolerance of a patient, the nurse would evaluate which of the following? (Select all that apply. )! ! 2.! a.! Skeletal abnormalities! b.! Emotional factors! c.! Age! d.! Pregnancy status! e.! Race! ! !! ANS: A, B, C, D! Factors influencing activity tolerance include physiological factor s such as skeletal abnormalities, emotional factors such as anxiety/depression, developmental factors such as age and gender, and pregnancy status.Race is not a factor because people of all races are faced with similar factors that affect their activity tolerance.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 754! ! OBJ:! Assess patients for impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! In developing a nursing care plan for increasing activity tolerance in a patient, the nurse should (Select all that apply. )! ! 3.! a.! Use generalized therapies because they work for everyone.! b.! Consult with members of the health care team.! c.!Avoid goals published by the American College of Sports Medicine.! d.! Involve the patient and the patient’s family in designing an exercise plan.! e.! Consider the patient’s ability to increase activity level.! ! !! ANS: B, D, E! When planning care, the nurse should consult/collaborate with members of the health care team to increase activity, involve the patient and family in designing an activity and exercise plan (especially if family members are also providers of care), and consider the patient’s ability to increase activity level.Therapies should be individualized to the patient’s activity tolerance. Information from the American College of Sports Medicine serves as a standard that the nurse should use when applying activity and exercise goals.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 754! ! OBJ:! Write a nursing care plan for a patient with impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning!